Critical Thinking

Physiological death is simply defined as the complete cessation of all vital organs. This differs from the broader definition of death which is typically recognised when respiration and cardigan functions cease. At death, the pupils become fixed and dilated, and the skin on the face and extremities becomes cool to the touch. The time of death should be noted and documented, and the attending doctor or medical officer informed. Physiological death is not as clear-cut as the conventional definition of death as many…

Occurance of ischemic or hemorrhagic lesions within the intracranial vasculature leading to injury or death of brain tissue.

A peptic ulcer is a legion in the mucosa lining of the stomach or small intestine, allowing gastric juices to come into contact with, and damage underlying tissues. Untreated or severe peptic ulcers may lead to perforation of the stomach and spilling of gastric juices into the abdominal cavity. Peptic Ulcers are prevalent in approximately 4% of the population1, with an estimated 10% of the population experiencing a peptic ulcer at some point in their life. In 2015 alone, over 87 million new cases were reported, resulting in…

Malaria is a relatively common condition caused by parasitic infection by the Plasmodium protozoans, generally acquired from the bite of a mosquito. The disease is widespread throughout the tropical and subtropical regions, including much of Latin America and Asia, however, the vast majority of reported cases - approximately 90% - occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. The disease remains very prevalent in these regions with 216 million cases of malaria reported globally in 20161, resulting in an estimated 731,000…

The Trendelenburg Position is a position in which the patient is laid supine, with the head declined to an angle between 30-45 degrees. The Trendelenburg position is most often used in surgical procedures of the lower abdomen, pelvis and genitourinary system as it allows gravity to pull the abdominal contents away from the pelvis. The position is also very effective in reducing and preventing the exacerbation of both abdominal and inguinal hernias. This is because it avoids putting downward pressure on the…

The Cytokine Cascade or cytokine storm is a relatively recently described autoimmune response in which the body's immune system gets caught in a positive feedback loop leading to a runaway and potentially fatal autoimmune response. A cytokine cascade can be particularly troublesome treat as it is the normal response of a healthy immune system, and so treatment usually focusses on the active interference of the immune processes rather than treatment of the underlying infection. Cytokine cascades have been implicated in…

Sometimes the best way to learn is to observe. The popular perception of a cardioversion is that it's this high intensity, dramatic event with doctors and nurses running around like crazy. The reality is however that they are an almost relaxed affair, which is a testament to the teams experience and professionalism. remaining calm and focussed under pressure is a hallmark of health care professionals in the emergency setting. The list below depicts interesting cases I've come across during my travels through…

As the population ages, chronic diseases become more prevalent and doctors will usually prescribe medications to improve the quality of life for the patient. Medications have now become an essential component of modern healthcare, and nursing practice. While the nurse rarely prescribes medications, they spend a considerable amount of time administering them to their patients. I've compiled this list of common medications terms nurses may encounter during their practice. Remember, it is always important to understand the…

An imperforate hymen is a congenital disorder I which the hymen completely occludes the vaginal opening. It is one of the most common female genital tract malformations, occurring in approximately 1 in 2000 girls3. The condition arises due to a failure of the hymen to perforate during fetal development. The condition commonly goes unnoticed until adolescence when the girl passes the age of menarche5 and has not had a period (amenorrhea). Menstrual blood cannot flow freely from the vagina and backs up in the vagina…